SCIENCE CH-1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING

                     CHAPTER -- 1

      MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

1. MATTER

2. CHARACTERSTIC OF MATTER

3. DIFFUSION

4. STATE OF MATTER

5. CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER

6. PHYSICAL STATE OF WATER

7. EVAPORATION

8. FACTORS AFFECT EVAPORATION 

                              

1. MATTER

ANYTHING THAT HAVE MASS AND OCCUPY SPACE IS CONSIDERED AS MATTER. 

FOR EG WOOD , STONE , GLASS

2. CHARACTERSTIC OF MATTER 

1.PARTICLE OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL 

EG. IF WE TAKE TWO CRYSTAL OF POTTASIUM PHERMAGNET  AND DISSOLVE IT IN 100 ML OF WATER. THE WATER GET PURPLE IF WE TAKE OUT 10 ML OF WATER FROM IT AND MIX IT IN ANOTHER 100 ML OF WATER U WILL NOTICE IT WILL GET THE COLOR.

--THIS IS BECAUSE THE PARTICLE OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL

               

2. PARTICLE OF MATTER ARE COUNTINUESLY MOVING

EG. IF WE BURN AN INSANE STICK( AGARBATTI) IT SMELL WILL BE SPREAD  TILL LONG DISTANCE . THIS IS BECAUSE THE PARTICLE ARE CONTINUESLY  MOVING IN THE AIR AND GETTING DIFFUSED WITH THE OTHER PARTICLES IN AIR 

                 

3. PARTICLE OF MATTER HAVE SPACES BETWEEN THEM

EG. WE HAVE SEEN IN UPPER EXAMPLES THAT THE PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE MIXING IN EACH OTHER. THIS IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE THE PARTICLE OF MATTER HAVE SPACES BETWEEN THEN . SO THE OTHER PARTICLE CAN BE DIFFUSED.

                   

4. PARTICLE OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER 

EG. IF WE TAKE A EXAMPLE OF A ROCK , WE WILL SE THAT IT NOT BREAK EASILY AS THEIR PARTICLE FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS VERY HIGH

EG. IF WE TAKE A EXAMPLE OF A CHALK IT WILL BREAK EASILY AS IT PARTICLE FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS LESS 

                     

 3.DIFFUSION

THE INTERMIXING OF PARTICLE OF MATTER FROM LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION IN AIR .

             

EG. THE PARTICLE OF DYE MOLECULE IS MIXING WITH THE PARTICLE OF WATER MOLECULE  FROM LOWER TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION .

States of Matter

                  

Now we know that particles of matter have a force of attraction between them. Based on this criterion, we can say that matter is present in three different states: solid state, liquid state, and gaseous state.

The Solid State

1. Solids are the objects that have these three properties:

 

• They have a specific shape.
• They have distinct boundaries.
• They have a volume.

2. In solids, the particles have relatively low kinetic energy and are arranged in a structured, orderly manner. This arrangement gives solids a fixed shape and makes them incompressible.

3. The force of attraction is the maximum among the particles of solids. There is not much space between the particles. Therefore, they cannot be compressed.

The Liquid State

1. Liquids have the following properties:

• Liquids have a fixed volume
• Liquids do not have a fixed shape.

2. In liquids, the force of attraction between particles is weaker than in solids, resulting in some space between the particles. This allows liquids to flow easily. Although they are not compressible, their ability to flow makes them known as fluids.

3. In liquids, the force of attraction between particles is weaker than in solids, creating some space between them. This enables liquids to flow easily. While they are not compressible, their ability to flow classifies them as fluids.

The Gaseous State

1. Gases have the following properties:

• They do not have a fixed volume.
• They do not have a fixed shape. 
• 
  

• 2. In gases, the particles experience minimal or almost no force of attraction between them. As a result, there is a significant amount of space between the particles, allowing them to move freely in any direction.

  3.Additionally, gases can be easily compressed and fit into a small container, unlike solids and liquids.

  4.In gases, the kinetic energy of the particles is at its highest, which causes them to move rapidly and freely. This high energy means that gases do not have a fixed shape and instead expand to fill the shape of their container.

  
  

  CHARACTERSTIC OF STATE OF MATTER

  Solid	Liquid	Gas
  Definite shape	Indefinite shape	Indefinite shape
  Definite volume	Definite volume	Indefinite volume
  Maximum force of attraction between particles	fewer forces of attraction between particles compare to solid	Negligible force of attraction between particles
  Cannot be compressed	Cannot be compressed	Can be compressed
  Kinetic energy of particles is minimum	Kinetic energy of particles is more than solid	Kinetic energy of particles is maximum
  Particles cannot move rather they vibrate only at their fixed position	Particles can slide over one another	Particles can move freely
  Highest density	Density is lower than solid	Lowest density
  Cannot flow	Flow	Flow

Can Matter Change its State?

Water exists in three states:

• Ice – solid
• Water – liquid
• Water Vapour – Gas

This is an indication that matter can change its states.




• Effect of Change of Temperature

  
  
  What happens to matter when we heat it?
  
  

• 1. Solids:

  A ) As we heat solids, the kinetic energy of their particles increases, which reduces the force of attraction between them. This can cause the solid to transition to a liquid state as the particles gain enough energy to overcome their rigid arrangement.

  B ) As the temperature increases, the particles in a solid begin to vibrate more vigorously and shift from their fixed positions. With continued heating, the particles gain enough energy to overcome the attractive forces holding them in place, leading to the transition from a solid to a liquid.

  
  

  • Melting Point – The temperature at which solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure.  For Example, the melting point of ice is 273.16 Kelvin.
  • Fusion – The process of melting a solid into liquid is called Fusion.

  
  

  
  

  • In the melting process, once a solid reaches its melting point, its temperature does not increase further. So where does all the heat go? The heat present in the solid at the time of melting is used by the particles to diminish the force of attraction between each other. The heat energy is therefore considered hidden.

  
  

  • Latent Heat – The heat energy which is used to break the force of attraction between the particles of matter is known as latent heat. Since the heat is hidden therefore it is called Latent Heat.

  
  

  • Latent Heat of Fusion – The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the Latent Heat of Fusion.

  
  

  • Atmospheric Pressure – Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere.